9-2016

Nedra-09_16-N-CS5.indd

CONTENTS № 9/2016

STATUS AND TRENDS OF MINERAL-RAW BASE OF FEDERAL DISTRICTS IN RUSSIAN FEDERATION

УДК 622.7 (075)

Malyutin E.I. (Sevzapnedra) // maliutin@sevzapnedra.nw.ru

Bezrukov V.I. (Nord-West branch Rosgeolfond) // nwinfo@geoinform.spb.ru

Voronovich V.N. (Sevzapnedra) // voronovich@sevzapnedra.nw.ru

Feinberg A.А. (Sevzapnedra) // afainberg@sevzapnedra.nw.ru

STATE AND MAIN DIRECTIONS OF DEVELOPMENT OF MINERAL-RAW BASE SOLID MINERALS ON THE NORTH-WESTERN FEDERAL DISTRICT

Present state, perspectives and directions of the mineral-raw material base for development of the North-West Federal District is considered, including carring out work paid from the federal budget. Basic problems of the industry are indicated.

Keywords: mineral-raw-material base, solid minerals, prospects for development.

Р. 5-9

УДК 553.98.042 (470.1+268.45+470.26+261.24)

Malyutin E.I. (Sevzapnedra) // maliutin@sevzapnedra.nw.ru

Prischepa O.M. (VNIGRI) //omp@vnigri.ru

Voronovich V.N. (Sevzapnedra) // voronovich@sevzapnedra.nw.ru

Feinberg A.А. (Sevzapnedra) // afainberg@sevzapnedra.nw.ru

RAW MATERIAL BASE OF OIL AND GAS OF THE NORTH-WEST FEDERAL DISTRICT AND PROSPECT OF ITS DEVELOPMENT

The main oil and gas producing region North-West Federal district – Tim-but-Pechora province is identified as one of the important parts of the preparation of the raw material base of oil and gas in Russia in the long term. Kaliningrad-oblast, despite the high exploration maturity of resources remains in the focus of subsoil users due to best infrastructure provision. Regional development is inextricably linked with the geological exploration enterprises and training process a new little-known areas to licensing due to advanced regional works for the budget. Obtaining new geological information and investment activity and the growth of the demand of subsoil areas in underexplored areas of the mining companies indicate a high efficiently-making of the exploration operations in the period 2006-2015, based On the analysis of exploration and resource base status developed the program of carrying out of geologies-vodochnyj works in the North-West Federal district and proposals to the licensing in the medium term, the implementation of which will allow you to keep the rate of repro-duction of the reserves and contribute to the conservation of the rate of oil production reached in recent years.

Keywords: Timan-Pechora province, regional exploration of poorly known areas of petroleum potential, the state budget funds for geological exploration.

Р. 10-15

УДК 553.04:553.6(470)

Leksin N.N. (Tsentrnedra) // leksin@centrnedra.ru

Kandaurov P.M. (Kaluga branch Rosgeolfond) //viems@mail.ru

CONDITION OF MINERAL RESOURCES OF THE CENTRAL FEDERAL DISTRICT AND MAIN DIRECTIONS OF HER DEVELOPMENT

Central Federal District – one of the most developed regions of Russia. The reserves of the minerals (M) involved in operation – a basis for effective work of various industries and an agrarian complex. Prospects of development of the mineral resources (MR) of the region are connected with ensuring requirements of activity of the population, implementation of large federal and regional infrastructure projects and strategy for import replacement of mineral and raw production. For expansion of mineral resources of the district stocks and expected resources of refractory and refractory clay for ceramic industry, the titan – zirconium ores, plaster, table salt, the fosforitovykh and local agricultural ores, natural adsorbents, cement raw materials, plaster, carbonate breeds for production of high-quality lime, glass sand of high brands, construction materials, fresh and mineral underground waters have the greatest value.

Keywords: mineral resources, Central Federal District, minerals, fields, stocks.

Р. 15-19

УДК 553.04

Hamidullin V.V. (Privolzhsknedra) // privolzh@rosnedra.gov.ru

THE STATUS OF THE MINERAL RAW MATERIALS BASE OF THE VOLGA FEDERAL DISTRICT AND PROSPECT OF ITS DEVELOPMENT

The evaluation of the status of the mineral raw materials base of the Volga Federal district. Provides information on mining of major minerals, the volume of exploration works with the aim of prospecting, evaluation and exploration, increase reserves and resources. Characterized by licensing status. Analyzed problems and determined the priorities for the development of mineral resources of the Volga Federal district.

Keywords: mineral raw materials base of the Volga Federal district, solid minerals, hydrocarbons, exploration, reserves and resources, licensing.

Р. 20-23

УДК 550.81:553.04

Raspopov Yu.V. (Yugnedra) // yugnedra@rosnedra.gov.ru

Kolomenskaya V.G. (Yugnedra) // yugnedra@rosnedra.gov.ru

Makaryuha S.V. (Yugnedra) // yugnedra@rosnedra.gov.ru

MINERAL RESOURCES COMPLEX OF THE SOUTHERN FEDERAL DISTRICT

Briefly described the mineral resource complex of the Southern Federal District and constitute a basis for the mineral resource base of basic types of minerals, that are important for the economy of the region. Tendencies of development of mineral resources base of the main types of mineral raw materials in connection with the amount of funds allocated for its reproduction.

Keywords: Southern Federal District, mineral resources, hydrocarbon feedstock, solid minerals, ground water, exploration.

Р. 23-28

УДК 553.042 (470.5)

Rylkov S.A. (Uralnedra) // ural@rosnedra.gov.ru

NATURAL RESOURCE POTENTIAL OF THE URAL FEDERAL DISTRICT

Characterized by the mineral resource potential of the Ural Federal District. The main indicators of the Federal District with respect to the whole of the Russian Federation. The char­acteristic of the current state of the resource base of the ore minerals, ferrous and nonferrous metallurgy, and also briefly known reserves of oil and gas, fuel-energy resources.

Keywords: Ural Federal District, raw materials, manufacturing, and the estimated proved reserves, probable reserves, deposit, mining, nonferrous and ferrous metallurgy.

Р. 28-31

УДК 553.04

Latsanovskiy I.A. (Yakutnedra) // yakutsk@rosnedra.gov.ru

THE CURRENT STATE AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS OF THE SOLID MINERALS RESOURCE BASE IN REPUBLIC OF SAKHA (YAKUTIA)

The resource base of solid minerals which reserves and inferred resources in deposits within the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), have been estimated, is considered. Information on the exploration maturity of the resource base of deposits is given and problems and prospects of its further development are defined. Directions of the development of the resource base of diamonds, rare, ferrous, non-ferrous and precious metals and intensification of exploration in the main prospective regions of the Yakutia are recommended.

Keywords: solid minerals; mineral raw material base; reserves; resources; development; exploration; Republic of Sakha (Yakutia).

Р. 31-36

УДК 55.553.041

Kurbatov I.I. (Tsentrsibnedra) // ivku@centrsibnedra.ru

MINERAL AND RAW CAPACITY OF THE CENTRAL SIBERIA

In article the condition of a mineral-raw-materials base of firm minerals of the Central Siberia is considered. Data under the big list of minerals are resulted. The basic directions of job on geological studying territory are shown.

Keywords: mineral-source of raw materials, resources, possible or prospective ore, potential or inferred reserves, forecast, perspective regions.

Р. 36-44

УДК 553.04 (571.56+571.6)

Vologin V.G. (Dalnedra) // oil@dgk.dvpr.ru

Lazarev A.V. (Dalnedra) // oil@dgk.dvpr.ru

STATE AND PROSPECTS OF MINERAL COMPLEX FAR EAST FEDERAL DISTRICT

The article shortly described the mineral and raw resources base of Far Eastern Federal District, as the basis of mineral raw material complex district, the main results of exploration for the period 2006-2011. And highlight key areas for further development of mineral and raw resource complex of the Far East.

Keywords: mineral resources, reserves, extraction, reserves growth, mineral and raw complex, Far Eastern Federal District.

Р. 44-50

УДК 553.98.042 (571.6+265.51/.54)

Nelyubov P.A. (Dalnedra) // geo@dgk.dvpr.ru

Margulis L.S. (VNIGRI) ») // Lmargulis@vnigri.ru

STATUS AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS OF RAW MATERIAL BASE OF HYDROCARBON OF THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST

Raw materials base of hydrocarbons Far East region are presented. High initial total resources evaluation are noted and identified the main problems and risks of oil and gas exploration. The main volumes of hydrocarbon production in the medium term relate with Shakalin shelf. 14 million tons of oil and condensate and about 26 billion cubic meter of gas were produced there in 2014. Achieved rates of hydrocarbon production requires new oil and gas fields and development of new promising oil and gas areas.

Keywords: Far East, water areas, oil and gas production, resources.

Р. 50-56

УДК 550.83+551.35 + 553.98 (985)

Kazanin G.S. (MAGE Murmansk) // info@mage.ru

Ivanov G.I. (MAGE St. Petersburg) // ivanov.gi@mage.ru

Zayats I.V. (MAGE Murmansk) // zayatsi@mage.ru

Kazanin A.G. (MAGE Moscow) // a.kazanin@mage.ru

Makarov E.S. (MAGE Murmansk) // makarov@mage.ru

Shkarubo S.I. (MAGE Murmansk) // sergeysh@mage.ru

Pavlov S.P. (MAGE Murmansk) // sergeyp@mage.ru

Nechhaev C.A. (MAGE St. Petersburg) // nechkhaev@mage.ru

INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES OF MAGE – THE POTENTIAL FOR STRENGTHENING OF MINERAL RESOURCES OF THE ARCTIC SHELF OF RUSSIA

Considered MAGE innovative technologies when carrying out offshore mineral exploration on the shelf that made it possible to increase significantly a petroleum resource potential of the Russian Arctic Shelf, and, in the first instance, in offshore areas being earlier inaccessible for studies by conventional study methods – the central deep water area of the Arctic Ocean, transition zones and a continental slope. From major things, one should note an innovative technology of subglacial seismic survey, a technology of 2D 4C multicomponent seismic surveys on section of sea-transition zone-land by an integrated technological system that opens prospects for transition to multicomponent seismic studies. The North-Barents Sea oil-gas mega-province with recoverable resources of about 18.5 bln TOE was determined and delineated, upon that there is a high probability to detect oil deposits.

Keywords: MAGE, the Arctic Shelf, innovative technologies, subglacial seismic survey, multicomponent seismic survey, the North Barents Sea oil-gas mega-province, oil.

Р. 56-64

SCIENTIFIC METHODS AND DATAWARE FOR EXPLORATION

УДК 550.8:528:553.04 (470)

Petrov O.V. (VSEGEI) // OPetrov@vsegei.ru

Morozov A.F. (Rosnedra) // amorozov@rosnedra.gov.ru

Shishkin M.A. (VSEGEI) // Mikhail_Shishkin@vsegei.ru

Shatov V.V. (VSEGEI) // Vitaly_Shatov@vsegei.ru

Zubova T.N. (VSEGEI) // Tatiana_Zubova@vsegei.ru

GEOLOGICAL STUDY OF RUSSIAN SUBSURFACE: STATE, PROSPECTS OF EXPANSION AND DEVELOPMENT OF MINERAL RESOURCES BASE IN RUSSIA

Considers the role and prospects of regional geological study of the subsurface to generate fundamental information about the geological structure and metallogenic potential of the Russian Federation. Sets of the State Geological Maps at different scales, creation of the State network of reference geological and geophysical lines with parametric drilling provide a level of geological knowledge needed to solve national problems associated with rehabilitation of the mineral resource base, implementation of geopolitical interests and the country’s defense, security of society from exposure to hazardous geological processes.

Keywords: Rosnedra, geological study of the subsurface, State Geological Map, Atlas of geological maps, geological survey, level of geological knowledge, inferred resources, areas promising for prospecting.

Р. 64-70

УДК 342.3:681.3:55

Arakcheev D.B. (Rosgeolfond) // darakcheev@rfgf.ru

Chesalov L.E. (Moscow branch of Rosgeolfond «VNIIgeosystem») // l.tchessalov@geosys.ru

Yuon E.M. (Moscow branch of Rosgeolfond «VNIIgeosystem») // egor@geosys.ru

INTEGRATED FUND OF GEOLOGICAL INFORMATION ON SUBSURFACE RESOURCES: PERSPECTIVES OF CREATION

The principal amendments of the Law “On the Subsurface Resources” are analyzed. The amendments concern the improvement of collection, storage and delivery of geological information, in particular by the creation of the Federal State Information System “Integrated Fund of geological information on subsurface resources”. The principal elements, functions and aims of the system and the new opportunities for the state and society resulting from its creation and implementation are adduced.

Keywords: Integrated fund, geological information on subsurface resources, register of primary and interpreted geological information.

Р. 70-74

УДК 553.93/96.04

Logvinov M.I. (VNIGRIugol)

Gordeev I. V. (VNIGRIugol)

Mikerova V. N. (VNIGRIugol)

Starokozheva G. I. (VNIGRIugol)

THE COAL RESOURCE BASE –THE WEALTH OF RUSSIA

The present-day condition of the coal raw-material base is concerned. The results of geological-economical re-estimation of the objects of undistributed foundation of the subsoil are adduced. The necessity of perfection of homeland raw material base is shown and the priority directions of the search works on coal are determined.

Keywords: coal raw material base, reserves, prognostic resources, search.

Р. 74-80

УДК.553.04 (470)

Machkovtsev G.A. (VIMS) // machkovtsev@df.ru

Miguta A.K. (VIMS) // miguta@mail.ru

Polonyankina S.V. (Atomredmetzoloto) // svpolonyankina@armz.ru

Solodov I.N. (Atomredmetzoloto) // INSolodov@armz.ru

Shchetochkin V.N. (VIMS) // shchetochkin@yandex.ru

NATURAL URANIUM AVAILABILITY OF RUSSIAN NUCLEAR INDUSTRY – PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS

The state and prospects of development and production of uranium in the world market are considered. The main geological minable types of uranium deposits common in the world and in Russia, their share in the total uranium resources and production are characterized. The urgent need of expanding and improving the quality of domestic uranium mineral resources are substantiated. The results of the activities of «Rosatom» and «Rosnedra» in 2012-2016 are given, as well as the problems facing the industry, and ways of their solutions.

Keywords: uranium, uranium market, mineral resources, geological minable types of uranium deposits, production, reproduction.

Р. 80-87

УДК 553.04:553.3/.4(470)

Ershova E.V. (VIMS) // vims-ershova@mail.ru

Zublyuk E.V. (VIMS) // vims-zublyuk@mail.ru

Krishtopa O.A. (VIMS) // krishtopa@vims-geo.ru

Lapteva A.M. (VIMS) // lapteva@vims-geo.ru

Remizova L.I. (VIMS) // remizova@vims-geo.ru

Rudnev A.V. (VIMS) // rud-met@mail.ru

RUSSIAN RAW MATERIALS BASE OF FERROUS METALLURGY

The current state of Russian mineral resource base of ferrous metallurgy is analyzed on the example of the most important ferrous and alloying metals – iron, manganese, chromium, titanium and tungsten. The basic problems and the ways of their solution are determined, the main directions of its sustainable development are identified.

Keywords: iron, chrome, manganese, titanium, tungsten, mineral resources.

Р. 88-95

УДК 553.81+553.411(47+57)

Ivanov A.I. (TSNIGRI) // a.ivanov@tsnigri.ru

Vartanyan S.S. (TSNIGRI) // vartanyan@tsnigri.ru

Chernykh A.I. (TSNIGRI) // chernykh@tsnigri.ru

Benevolsky B.I. (TSNIGRI) // benbor@tsnigri.ru

Golubev Yu.K. (TSNIGRI) // yukgolubev@gmail.com

THE STATE AND PROSPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT OF MINERAL RESOURCES OF DIAMONDS AND GOLD OF RUSSIA

The current status of the Russian diamond and gold mineral base (MB), as at 01/01/2015, is reviewed. Dynamics of the change in reserves and mine output for the past ten years is characterized. Data on inferred resources for various regions is specified. The main problems of MB development are identified. Based on data set analysis, prospective areas for further diamond and gold geological prospecting are determined.

Keywords: diamonds, gold, mineral base, reserves, inferred resources, geological prospecting.

Р. 95-100

УДК 553.43/44.(47+57)

Ivanov A.I. (TSNIGRI) // a.ivanov@tsnigri.ru

Vartanyan S.S. (TSNIGRI) // vartanyan@tsnigri.ru

Chernykh A.I. (TSNIGRI) // chernykh@tsnigri.ru

Volchkov A.G. (TSNIGRI) // nms@tsnigri.ru

Kuznetsov V.V. (TSNIGRI) // okt@tsnigri.ru

Seravina T.V. (TSNIGRI) // tanyaseravina@gmail.com

THE STATE AND PROSPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT OF MINERAL RESOURCES OF COPPER, ZINC AND LEAD RUSSIA

The current status of the Russian copper, zinc and lead mineral base (MB), as at 01/01/2015, is reviewed. Dynamics of the change in reserves and mine output for the past ten years is characterized. Data on reserves and inferred resources for various regions is specified. The main problems of copper, zinc and lead MB development are identified. Based on data set analysis, prospective areas for further geological prospecting focused on various mineralization types are determined.

Keywords: copper, zinc, lead, mineral base, reserves, inferred resources, geological prospecting.

Р. 100-106

УДК 553.493:338.012

Bykhovskiy L.Z. (VIMS) // pikalova@vims-geo.ru

Levchenko E.N. (IMGRE) // levchenko@imgre.ru

Ontoeva T.D. (VIMS) // ontoeva@vims-geo.ru

Pikalova V.S. (VIMS) // pikalova@vims-geo.ru

Rogozhin A.A. (VIMS) // rogojin@df.ru

PROSPECTS FOR HIGH-TECH INDUSTRIES RUSSIA NEEDS RARE METAL MINERAL RAW MATERIALS

The article provides information about the state of Russian and world mineral resource base of rare metals, the world market and main areas of consumption. The key issues of domestic mineral complex are outlined for meeting the different sectors of the economy demand for strategic rare metals. Recommendations on the exploration of Russian mineral resources are given for realization of tasks on import substitution and development of rare metal industry in medium and short term.

Keywords: rare metals, mineral resources, market conditions, development of deposits, prospects.

Р. 106-122

УДК 550.84

Spiridonov I.G. (IMGRE) // imgre@imgre.ru

Kilipko V.A. (IMGRE) // kilipko@rambler.ru

Levchenko E.N. (IMGRE) // levchenko@imgre.ru

Klyucharev D.S. (IMGRE) // sacsaul@gmail.com

THE MAIN GOALS OF GEOCHEMICAL MAPPING AND A SEARCH OF NON-CON VENTIONAL SOURCES OF RARE METAL RAW MATERIALS

The article presents main results of the work IMGRE in regional geo-chemical research, environmental geochemistry, geochemical prospecting of oil and gas deposits, geochemistry of the Arctic. The basic directions and results of geological prospecting works for rare metals over the last 10 years. An overview of non-conventional sources of rare-metal raw materials, their role in the formation of the mineral resource base of rare metals of Russia. The main characteristics of alternative sources of rare metals, the results of experimental studies on extraction of rare metals, estimated the prospects and possibilities of development.

Keywords: applied geochemistry, regional geochemical survey, rare metals, non-conventional sources of rare-metal raw materials.

Р. 115-122

УДК 553.6 + 338.45 (470)

Aksenov E.M. (TSNIIgeolnerud) // root@geolnerud.net

Vasiliev N.G. (TSNIIgeolnerud) // root@geolnerud.net

Lygina T.Z. (TSNIIgeolnerud) // root@geolnerud.net

Senatorov P.P. (TSNIIgeolnerud) // root@geolnerud.net

NONMETALLIC MINERALS AND THE STRATEGY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN RUSSIA

Basing on the analysis of strategies of numerous industrial developments in Russia up to 2020 and until 2030 in perspective, some basic trends and challenges for the development of raw nonmetallic mineral base are established.

Keywords: mineral resources, non-metals, strategy, development, industry, Russia.

Р. 122-129

УДК 556.382.388:622.2:628.1(571.6)

Lukianchikov V.M. (VSEGINGEO) // lvml@mail.ru

Lukianchikova L.G. (VSEGINGEO) // ll-mailbox@mail.ru

Plotnikova R.I. (VSEGINGEO) // riplotnikova@mail.ru

Baron V.A. (VSEGINGEO) // zgerka@rambler.ru

Chelidze Yu.B. (VSEGINGEO) // jurbor37@mail.ru

THE GROUNDWATER RESOURCE BASE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION: DEGREE OF ITS KNOWLEDGE, PROBLEMS OF REPRODUCTION AND USE

The paper presents the overview of the knowledge degree of the groundwater resource base state, including while carrying out regional hydrogeological works and mapping. There is characterized the resource base state of the following groundwater types: drinking and technical, mineral, industrial and heat-power- producing. The problems of reproduction of the groundwater resource base of the Russian Federation and the ways of their solution are considered.

Keywords: groundwater, recourse, reserves, mineral resources, regional exploration, geological knowledge.

Р. 129-136

УДК 553.04:551.462.32(47+57)

Kaminskiy V.D. (VNIIOkeangeologia) // kaminsky@vniio.ru

Suprunenko O.I. (VNIIOkeangeologia) // onaimo@centurion.vniio.nw.ru

Smirnov A.N. (VNIIOkeangeologia) // smirnov@vniio.ru

Medvedeva T.Yu. (VNIIOkeangeologia) // onaimo@centurion.vniio.nw.ru

Chernykh A.A. (VNIIOkeangeologia) // a.a.chernykh@vniio.ru

Aleksandrova A.G. (SOI RAS) // osh.morgeo@mail.ru

PRESENT STATUS AND PROSPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT OF MINERAL RESOURCES BASE OF THE RUSSIAN ARCTIC SHELF REGION

A brief overview of present status of study of mineral resources potential of Russian Arctic shelf region has performed. Two main groups of mineral resources are distinguished. The first one includes hydrocarbons – oil, gas, gas condensate and is the main in resource-economic aspect. The second group consists of solid minerals, represented mainly by alluvial deposits, as well as bedrock deposits on the Arctic islands. For both groups the leading role of shelves of Arctic seas among all Russian continental seas is recognized referring to resource aspect. In connection with the quantitative assessment of oil and gas resources, accomplished in 2012, the results of analysis of present status of licensing objects and completeness of planned exploration on the Arctic shelf are presented.

Keywords: Arctic shelf, hydrocarbons, gas, oil, solid minerals, gold, stannum, diamonds, mammoth ivories, reserves, resources.

Р. 136-142

УДК 550.8.023+550.8.05

Rogozhin A.A. (VIMS) // rogojin@df.ru

Lebedeva M.I. (VIMS) // vims@gmail.com

QUALITY ASSURANCE OF LABORATORY TESTS OF EXPLORATION WORK ON RESEARCHING OF FIRM MINERALS: PROBLEMS AND THE WAYS OF FURTHER DEVELOPMENT

The review of normative documents establishing requirements to quality assurance of laboratory tests is presented. Marked the main stages of formation of the system confirm the technical competence of laboratories performing the testing of firm minerals. The similar system implemented abroad is analyzed. The key achievements of the FSBI «VIMS» in this area of activity and the ways of further development is described in article.

Keywords: reliability, laboratory test, technical competence, methodical and metrological support, conformity assessment.

Р. 142-149

УДК 338.2

Lisov V.I. (MGRI-RGGRU) // science@mgri-rggru.ru

MINERAL-RAW MATERIAL COMPLEX OF RUSSIA: AN ECONOMIC EVALUATION, PROBLEMS OF IMPROVEMENT OF MANAGEMENT AND STAFFING

The dynamics of the main indicators of activity of the enterprises of mineral-raw complex (MSK) of Russia in the context of its major industries. Given the trends of General decline in the economy of Russia 2015, concluded that the relatively stable situation in the manufacturing and financial sector companies GMT. The index of Production in the field of “mining” in 2014-2015, in General, had positive dynamics. In the mining industry the corresponding figure of 2015 was characterized by a decrease of 6,5 % (compared to 2014). Factor devaluation of the ruble contributed to a significant increase in profitability of the commodities traded for the currency. Outlines the strategic directions of perfection of management in the field of MSK and geological industry, including the growth of labor productivity, business diversification, import substitution, improvement of financial state of companies. Requirements are formulated in terms of capacity of personnel potential of the enterprises of exploration.

Key words: mineral complex, geologists-cal industry, business activity, labour productivity, import substitution, product profitability, human resources, professional standards.

Р. 149-152

Категория: